Move to resolve swiftlet farming industry problems

August 25, 2012

File photo shows a bird at a swiftlet farm in Penang. — AFP/Relaxnews pic

TANJONG KARANG, Aug 25 –- Come Aug 30, Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar will chair a meeting to resolve problems faced by the swiftlet farming industry operators. The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry will be observer at the meeting which will be held at the ministry in Putrajaya.
Urging all eight associations representing the operators to attend the meeting, Noh hoped the number of associations representing the swiftlet farming industry would remain at eight.
He said this was to facilitate the ministry to monitor the industry’s development and resolve problems.
“Prior to this, the government had held discussions with operators, even though only two or three representatives turned up. There are now, too many associations in the industry,” said Noh, who is also Tanjung Karang member of parliament at the constituency’s Hari Raya open house here today.
Noh said the ministry would consider every claim of the eight associations, among them the usage of Radio Frequency Identification to identify the source of bird’s nest exported to China.
Apart from that, the issue of unprocessed bird’s nest export, as well as the content of Malaysia-China Trade protocol on the product, would be covered, he noted.
The minister said there were problems with bird’s nest exports from Malaysia in China, and the product was no longer allowed to be exported there. – Bernama
source:

28 May 2012 Last updated at 23:00 GMT

RFID technology thwarts bird's nest counterfeiters

By Jennifer Pak BBC News, Johor state, Malaysia

WATCH: RFID technology is being used to stop the nests used to make Chinese delicacy bird's nest soup being counterfeited

One of the most coveted beauty products in Asia is found inside a damp and dark three storey house in southern Malaysia's Johor state.

A worker at the swiftlet farm carefully scrapes a small white bird's nest off a rafter.

The delicacy is spun from saliva and it will soon land in someone's soup, as people in China believe that eating bird's nest is good for their skin and they're willing to pay up to US$100 just for a handful.
It's a lucrative industry and counterfeits have flooded the market.
Safety concerns last July effectively halted all exports of bird's nests to China from Malaysia, the world's second biggest supplier of the delicacy.
The Malaysian agricultural ministry says its edible bird's nest industry is worth RM5b ($1.59bn; £1.01bn).

The nests of the swiftlet are formed from saliva, and are highly prized as the main ingredient in bird's nest soup

That is why the government is now investing in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to boost consumer confidence. It's one of the most common reasons why Asian governments use the technology.
RFID allows a product to be easily tracked from the source to the consumer.
The bird's nests can be sealed in a box with an RFID tag that contains a microchip embedded with details about the harvest. A handheld scanner emits a radio frequency to unlock that information.
It may sound similar to barcodes, but RFID tags are said to be harder to duplicate.
Certificate of authenticity Counterfeit bird's nests have affected producers like Yanming Resources. At its factory in Kuala Lumpur, more than a dozen women are sifting through the delicacy strand by strand.
Each worker is armed with a set of tweezer to pull out every piece of feather and speck of dirt. The final product can only contain saliva.

This unprocessed bird's nest has to be painstakingly cleaned strand by strand

Still, it is hard for consumers to tell if a bird's nest is real or not so the company has been forced to lower prices in order to compete with counterfeits.
But with RFID, every step of this laborious process, from harvesting to packaging, is tagged. The data is stored centrally with the government. This official support will be key for consumers.
In essence the RFID becomes a certificate of authenticity, says Yow Lock Sen, who is in charge of overseeing the government project.
The system is still being perfected, but eventually customers who have safety concerns will be able to trace the origins of the product by simply downloading a free app onto a smartphone, and scanning the RFID tag on the product.
Although it is a government research project, participation from the industry is voluntary since it requires companies to buy the RFID tags and reading equipment.
Yanming Resources's Chua Huai Gen says it's a good investment.

Yanming Resources's Chua Huai Gen says being able to authenticate their product means then can put their prices up by 50%

"With the RFID technology, consumers will know that they are getting the real thing, so we can mark up our prices by 50%," he says.
 Baby monitor
Malaysians seem willing to pay a premium for safety.
One of Kuala Lumpur's most luxurious private hospitals charges up to 100 times more than government facilities to deliver babies.
But the Prince Court Medical Centre also uses RFID technology to prevent baby mix-ups.

When baby and mother are near each other, the light on the RFID tag flashes green

Mothers and their newborns each get tagged with an RFID bracelet after the delivery.
When the baby is near the mother, the tags will flash a green light. This tells nurses that they have the right match.
Sensors are also installed at every exit in the hospital to track patient movements. An alarm will be triggered off if the baby is taken away from the maternity ward.
Nurses can immediately trace the baby's location with special software available on the computer at the nursing station.
Medical staff say that this RFID system will reduce the chance of kidnapping.

Rozaira Binti Mohd likes the added protection RFID tags offer her baby

It's not something that Rozaira Binti Mohd worried about during the delivery of her first two children.
But as she holds her newborn, the 32-year-old says she likes the added protection even if it means losing a bit of her privacy.
"I know where is my baby and if there is a possibility of kidnapping security can do something."
The hospital also uses RFID to tag its expensive medical supplies, reducing the time spent by nurses tracking down equipment.
Ultimately, it's about spending more time caring for the patients, according to Bee Lee Wong, the director of nursing services.
Precious cargo Malaysia isn't the only country using RFID systems. Other Asian countries have pioneered different applications of the technology.

Kaohsiung harbour in Taiwan tracks container boxes using RFID technology

South Korea uses RFID to prevent tax evasion by tagging liquor bottles, says Chris Diorio, a professor of engineering and the chairman of one of the world's largest RFID technology providers, Impinj.
But he encountered an even more creative application in Taiwan.
Officials at Kaohsiung harbour, one of the busiest on the island, tag cargo containers with RFID tags. They can be read from a distance by a handheld device, even while on the back of a moving lorry.
Driver identification and cargo information is synchronized centrally, so if anything does not match then customs officials can inspect the cargo.
Any tampering with the cargo is also easy pick up because the RFID chip will stop working, says Mr Diorio.
But if the tag is intact and the information matches, then there is no need - saving thousands of man hours, he says.
"It's clever and it's something none of us had thought about," says Mr Diorio.
He says the technology is still in its early days and will have many other applications.
Still, much of RFID use in Asia is driven by governments making sure that that products are genuine because of the enormous growth in counterfeiting, he says.

Swiftlet farms are built in large cavernous buildings, that offer plenty of surfaces for the swiftlets to build their nests

As income levels rise in Asia, there is a demand for more guarantees by consumers.
Back at the Yanming Resources bird's nest factory, the delicacies are clean and being reshaped in little moulds before being packaged for export.
The company hopes that RFID will help these bird's nests land on Chinese kitchen tables intact.
Supporters of RFID technology, though, say it is not a fool proof system.
But as long as there are quality and safety concerns in Asia, being able to trace products back to their source may give consumers some sense of control.

Source :

KL and Beijing close to resolving bird's nest export issue

 

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By Chow How Ban
The Star/Asia News Network
Wednesday, May 16, 2012

BEIJING - There are no more major outstanding issues for the resumption of Malaysian bird's nest exports to China, except for some technical matters that should be resolved in the coming days.
Veterinary Services Department director-general Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz Jamaluddin is now in China to settle the technical part, said Agriculture and Agro-Based Industries Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar.
Dr Abdul Aziz would also clarify any enquiries from his counterpart in China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) on the protocol so that both parties would break the deadlock and get the ban lifted.
"The technical part of the protocol should be resolved in a week or two. Dr Abdul Aziz will not return to Malaysia until it is resolved.
"After that, I will present it to the Cabinet and eventually have it signed between Malaysia and China," said Noh after meeting AQSIQ minister Zhi Shuping here yesterday.
Noh said both countries had already agreed that only bird's nest products containing permissible nitrite levels of 30 parts per million (ppm) or below could be exported to China.
China is the largest export market for Malaysian bird's nest with 100 tonnes in 2010.
The swiftlet industry has been severely hit since the Chinese authorities halted bird's nest imports from Malaysia last July, when samples taken from the so-called blood nest products contained nitrite levels that did not meet China's health standards.
Many investors borrowed money from financial institutions to build swiftlet houses in Malaysia.
Agro Bank alone had given loans worth over RM1bil to investors.
"If this issue is not settled fast, the industry will fall apart," said Noh.

Source:Asiaonline

Malaysia and China ink MoU on agriculture products

Monday April 16, 2012

MALAYSIA will now have to change its marketing strategy to sell its agriculture products in China.

The Federal Agriculture Marketing Agency (Fama) needs to gauge the types of goods that are highly demanded by the Chinese market first before going back to Malaysia to produce the adequate volume of the products for the market, says Agriculture and Agro-Based Ministry secretary-general Datuk Mohd Hashim Abdullah.

In the past, our farmers grew fruits and other fresh produces and we would look for ways to sell them in the overseas market. We cannot do that anymore.

Done deal: Fama director-general Ahmad Ishak (right) and China Agricultural Wholesale Markets Association president Ma Zengjun posing for photos after the signing ceremony in Beijing.

Now we have to come here and see what the Chinese people want. If they say they want pisang berangan (a type of banana), we will inform the farmers to plant pisang berangan, he said in a recent interview in Xi’an in Shaanxi province.

Since frozen durian from Malaysia was first exported to China late last year, the fruit has been well received by the Chinese. The fruits have reached major cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

Demand for the King of Fruits of Malaysia has been on the rise but the Malaysian authorities and farmers were facing the problem of supplying enough durian for the Chinese market, Mohd Hashim said.

Last month, an importer alone asked for 18 containers of frozen durian for one whole month. But, do we have so much durian? he said.

He said his ministry would have to re-look into the production of the fruits and encourage the farmers to incorporate the latest agricultural technology such as tree cloning to boost production.

He said ministry officials would visit the orchards and fruit processing factories to ensure the operators comply with the good agriculture practice and standards.

Currently, the ministry has a database of the total coverage of durian orchards in Malaysia. Remote villagers are encouraged to collect durians from their villages and send them to the collection and distribution centres established by the ministry.

Fama and wholesalers will then buy the fruits from the centres and distribute and export them.

“I will ask for a meeting with all the durian exporters and help them set up a consortium which will then decide whether to raise or decrease the price of the durian. They will band together to look for the supply of durian to fulfil the orders from China,” said Mohd Hashim.

He revealed that the Malaysian government was in talks with the Chinese General Administration of Quality, Inspection and Quarantine to export more Malaysian fruits such as pineapple and jackfruit to China.

He led a delegation of Malaysian exporters to participate in the International Trade Forum for Cooperation Between East and West held in Xi’an from April 5-April 9.

The ministry finalised details of its maiden food and cultural festival to be held from May 11 until 20 at the busy Muslim Street in downtown Xi’an.

Later during the ministry officials’ visit to Beijing, Fama and the China Agricultural Wholesale Markets Association inked a memorandum of understanding on the distribution of products from each other countries.

Now that Malaysian agriculture products have shown great potential in China, Malaysian Ambassador to China Datuk Iskandar Sarudin said Malaysian exporters should ensure the highest quality of their products.

All parties must work closely to maintain the standard set by our authorities and by the Chinese authorities. Nowadays China is very concerned about rules and procedures and the quality of imported goods because the health of its people are at stake.

Foreign products especially food must comply with China’s standards. We do not want to come to a situation anymore where our product faces problems of compliance and eventually our government will have to intervene and solve this problem, he said.

The Malaysian swiftlet industry has been hit badly following a ban by the Chinese authorities on the bird’s nest products from Malaysia which contained high nitrite levels in contravention of China’s health standards last August.

After the intervention of prime ministers from both countries, China finally agreed to lift its ban on the bird’s nest imports if the nitrite levels are below 30ppm (parts per million). The health ministries of China and Malaysia are now working out the protocol for the implementation of the new standard.
sources:

Chua: Firms that meet requirements allowed to export bird’s nest to China

Wednesday April 11, 2012
KUALA LUMPUR: Deputy Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Chua Tee Yong has refuted rumours that only one company will be given rights to export bird's nest to China.

“There is no such monopoly. Companies that fulfil the necessary conditions will be allowed to export to China,” he said yesterday after presenting a RM20,000 cheque to single mother of three boys Stephanie Lim at her home here.

Lim, who sells a variety of homemade sauces for a living, was a successful applicant for the 1MCA Micro Credit Loan Scheme for Youth.

Also present was MCA central committee member and Kojadi honorary secretary Loh Seng Kok.

Both Malaysia and China have agreed that several conditions must be met before the ban of the luxury item to China can be lifted.

These included requiring bird's nest exporters to have a Veterinary Health Mark (VHM) and a health certificate from the Veterinary Services Department and Health Ministry, respectively, as well as a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) from the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.

“Currently, eight processing centres have obtained the VHM which ensures quality and cleanliness,” said Chua who encouraged swiftlet breeders to register with the Veterinary Services Department.

Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar said on Sunday that Malaysia would soon sign the draft protocol on bird's nest entry into China.

On the 1MCA Micro Credit Loan Scheme, Chua, who is also MCA's Young Professionals Bureau chairman, said some RM1.4mil worth of loans had been allocated to 83 people.

“We hope to create more entrepreneurs and assist those who are already in business to improve their income and production.

“We hope the money can help Lim buy materials in bulk as well as more equipment to improve her business,” he said, adding that her application was approved within two weeks.

source:

Malaysia to sign bird's nest deal with China

 Updated: 2012-04-09 15:10

KUALA LUMPUR - Malaysia will sign a draft protocol with China to resume bird's nest export to China which was halted last year over a safety concern.

Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Noh Omar was quoted by state news agency Bernama as saying on Sunday that both countries will sign the protocol as they have agreed on three key conditions in the latest negotiation.

Malaysian bird's nest exporters are required to get certifications from the Health Ministry and the Veterinary Department and an identification from the Multimedia Commission that traces the origin of the bird's nests through radio frequency to ensure that the edible bird's nests are authentic and safe for consumption.

The ministry could not confirm when the draft protocol would be signed.

Edible bird's nests, made of the secretion from the salivary glands of swiftlets, has been used traditionally in Chinese cooking for centuries.

China banned bird's nests imports from Malaysia  one of the world's largest bird's nests producers, after it found last July excessive nitrite in counterfeit blood nests, a rare kind of bird' s nests.

Noh said the ban caused Malaysia's bird's nest market price to plunge sharply.

Many traders also had difficulties servicing their bank loans, he added.

Source:

China Sets Nitrite Limits for Edible Bird's Nests

   2012-04-05 21:46:54    Xinhua      Web Editor: Zhangjin
China on Thursday announced the tolerable maximum of nitrite in edible bird's nests, after some products with Malaysian origins sparked safety concerns for containing too much of the chemical, which if consumed excessively may lead to death.

The provisional standard issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH) stipulated that each kilogram of edible nests should contain no more than 30 mg of nitrite, a level equivalent to that allowable in China's pork products.

According to a joint study by Chinese and Malaysian food authorities and experts, the health risk of edible bird's nests with the set level of nitrite is extremely low.

Meanwhile, the MOH stressed that nitrite is banned from being artificially added during processing and production of edible bird's nests, a crime that carries severe punishment.

According to health experts, edible bird's nests naturally contain nitrite but cleansing with water may effectively reduce the levels of chemicals in the products.

Widely considered a health product for skin and beauty treatments, edible bird's nests are popular among Asian people, especially the Chinese. Malaysia is one of the world's biggest exporters of bird's nests, with 95 percent of its bird's nest products being sold to China.
Source :

Over half bird's nest stores in Xiamen may face closure after new rule

China launched newly amended list of prohibited items including bird's nest.

 

A newly amended list of prohibited items has dealt a heavy blow to bird’s nest stores which privately sell bird’s nest in Xiamen, reports Xiamen Daily.

 

According to the newly amended list of prohibited items, bird's nest (except canned versions) can't be brought in by travelers or mailed into China. China has stepped up supervision on bird's nest products after excessive amounts of nitrite were found in bird nests imported from Malaysia in August, 2011.

 

Edible bird's nest, or cubilose, a delicacy in China, considered as a super-food for daily health-care, is popular and well accepted in Xiamen.

 

The revised list has put a cold chill to self-employed business people in Xiamen who made a living by importing bird’s nest in the past.

 

On the contrary, those local standard stores specializing in imported bird's nest products have benefited from this revised list. "Following the newly list launched, Xiamen will face a shortage of bird’s nest products in the market as the purchase channel was formally standardized, which may cause s price surge of the products", said a staff of Xiamen-based Yanzhiwu, a famous bird’s nest store.

 

"The revised list is definitely good for the whole cubilose industry in China, given the chaos that's occurred in past years. Cubilose imported through formal channels should be genuine because it must be inspected", said an insider.

source : http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news23942.html

 

Bird's nest move 'good for industry'

 Updated: 2012-02-27 07:23

By Cheng Yingqi (China Daily)

Updated list of banned items covers more animal and plant products
BEIJING - Cubilose, a type of bird's nest that is considered a delicacy in China, can't be brought in by travelers or mailed into the country, according to a newly amended list of prohibited items.
The list, jointly issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has 16 categories of banned animal and plant products.
Compared with the previous list issued in 1992, the new list has a broader range of banned products, such as leaf tobacco and genetically modified food.
Cubilose (except canned versions) is the highest-profile product on the list.
"The revised list is definitely good for the whole cubilose industry in China, given the chaos that's occurred in the past year," said Alex Leong, a former dealer of Malaysian cubilose in Zhejiang province who became an industry whistle-blower.
For centuries, the Chinese have viewed cubilose, or edible bird's nest, as an expensive dish that could provide health benefits.
In August 2011, quality regulators in Zhejiang province found excessive levels of the carcinogen nitrite in cubilose, with average levels as high as 4,400 mg a kg, far above the ceiling of 70 mg a kg.
The cubilose in this case had been imported from Malaysia. Follow-up investigations in Zhejiang province found that no cubilose met the standards.
"Chinese consumers believe cubilose imported from Indonesia and Malaysia has fewer additives, so imported cubilose used to be popular," Leong said. "But actually, most cubilose has excessive nitrite."
Leong said some cubilose dealers add tapioca as a thickener, and some even dye the nests with material containing nitrite.
"The process is simple, similar to making bread. Everyone can do it after one month's training," Leong said.
Adulterated cubilose sells at 4,000 yuan ($635) to 8,000 yuan a kg, while the price of the pure product is 15,000 yuan to 18,000 yuan a kg, he said.
"However, the major purchasers - large restaurants and drugstores - don't sacrifice their profits to buy genuine cubilose, so the demand for expensive, genuine cubilose was low for years," Leong said.
Leong said the ban on cubilose imports could improve the situation.
"Cubilose imported through formal channels should be genuine because it must be inspected."
Besides cubilose, the regulations also state that each passenger may only bring one pet, such as a cat or dog, into the country, with quarantine and vaccination certificates.
Source : CHINADAILY

1kg bird’s nest limit for tourists

 Tuesday January 17, 2012
PETALING JAYA: Tourists to Malaysia are now only allowed to take home a maximum 1kg of bird's nest.
“This is to ensure that no smuggling of this expensive commodity takes place,” Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar.
He also announced that local companies would require three certificates to export edible bird's nest products to China.
The certificates are from the Veterinary Services Department, the Health Ministry and the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

Precious commodity: Noh (third from right) listening to assistant chemist Cassie Lee’s briefing on the commodity during a visit to PT Swift Marketing in Puchong yesterday. — Bernama

“After a company receives all three certificates, it will be allowed to use the 1Malaysia Best' logo and can export to China,'' Noh told reporters after launching the first authentic edible bird's nest trade and depository centre by PT Swift Marketing Sdn Bhd in Puchong yesterday.
He said the Government would not be held responsible for products without the “1Malaysia Best” logo.
Noh said previously only a Veterinary Services Department certificate was needed but due to the decline in quality, additional requirements had been added.
He added that only eight companies had acquired the certificates so far.
Noh said the new rules were necessary because of concerns expressed by the Chinese government on excessive nitrite in bird's nests from Malaysia.
“The two governments are discussing to determine the acceptable nitrite content.
“It is impossible to get bird's nest with zero nitrite content but we hope to announce the figure soon,” he said.

source :

Swiftlet Nest Exporters Must Obtain Three Quality Certifications To Enter China Market

KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 16 (Bernama) -- Starting this year, local companies exporting swiftlet nests to China are required to obtain three quality certifications before their products can be allowed to enter the republic, according to Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Minister Datuk Seri Noh Omar.

He said the quality certifications were the Veterinary Health Mark (VHM) certificate issued by the Veterinary Department, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) certificate issued by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) and the health certificate issued by the Health Ministry.

The three certifications are aimed at ensuring the quality of the Malaysian swiftlet nests would meet the standards set by the Chinese government, he told reporters after opening Malaysia's first Authentic Bird's Nest Depository and Trade Centre in Puchong near here today.

"These quality certifications must be adhered to in order to meet the strict requirements set by the Chinese government after they agreed to accept swiftlet nests from Malaysia last year.

"However, the Chinese government has also required that only bird's nests with zero part per million (ppm) of nitrite are allowed to be exported to the republic," he said.

Noh said it was very difficult to obtain swiftlet nests with zero nitrite level, but the ministry was hoping that the Health Ministry could set a minimum and acceptable nitrite level for the issuance of the certification purposes.

The minister said the company which obtained the three quality certifications would be allowed to use the "1Malaysia Best" brand on their swiftlet nest products, but they also had to identify a strategic partner in China to ease the trade and monitoring process.

"Their partners in China will also be required to promote swiftlet nest products bearing the brand of '1Malaysia Best' as the ones having the best quality and safe for consumption," he said.

Meanwhile, Health Ministry Food Safety and Quality Control Division senior director Dr Noraini Mohd Othman said the swiftlet nest products containing high level of nitrate could pose a threat to human health and could also cause cancer.

"We will announce the acceptable level of nitrate in swiftlet nests after the ongoing discussion between our experts and their counterparts in China is concluded,"

-- BERNAMA

Ban on M'sian imports badly affecting demand for white bird’s nest in China

Jack Wong (The Star), The Asia News Network, Kuching, Malaysia | Fri, 12/30/2011 10:50 AM

A | A | A |

Unprocessed white bird's nest prices have fallen further as demand for Malaysia's bird's nest products has been badly affected after China banned their imports about five months ago.
“The average price has dropped to around 3,000 ringgit (US$945) per kilo as compared with 4,500 ringgit ($1,400) before the ban,” said Sarawak Bird's Nest Suppliers Association secretary Colin Wong Chung Onn.
China imposed an import ban in July after nitrate was found in Malaysian bird's nests.
Wong said although there was demand, most swiftlet breeders were in no hurry to sell at the current depressed prices.
“Unprocessed bird's nests can be stored without going bad for about a year with good control of humidity and temperature,” he told The Star on Thursday.
He said the prices were likely to recover if China lifted the ban soon as stocks of bird's nest products in the mainland were expected to drop to a low level with increased consumption of the delicacy during the Lunar New Year.
Locally, bird's nests are packed in gift hampers to be given away during festive seasons.
Agriculture and Agro-based Minister Noh Omar was reported to have said last month that a committee set up by Malaysia and China to determine the permissible level of nitrate in bird's nest products was expected to resolve the issue before the Chinese New Year.
The committee was formed following a meeting between Health Minister Liow Tiong Lai and his Chinese counterpart Chen Zhu in Beijing. Its members include food specialists and experts.
Liow had said that China would lift the ban after determining the allowed level of nitrate.
China is Malaysia's biggest importer of bird's nest products, valued at about 1 billion ringgit annually.
Wong said Chinese officials and experts were expected to visit Malaysia soon to see how bird's nests were processed.
Asked about the mushrooming of new swiftlet houses, mostly in the central region, Wong said the association did not have the latest figures as most of the new operators had not joined as its members.
Sarawak's first swiftlet eco-park in Balingian, Mukah, which will have 40 units of three-storey buildings and 15 units of three-storey bungalows, is expected to be ready next year.
The 40 million ringgit eco-park is a joint-venture between state Economic Development Corporation and peninsula-based Borneo Resources Synergy Sdn Bhd.
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